![]() ![]() ![]() The APA itself has published that the inter-rater reliability is low for many disorders in the DSM-5, including major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. However, it has also generated controversy and criticism, including ongoing questions concerning the reliability and validity of many diagnoses the use of arbitrary dividing lines between mental illness and " normality" possible cultural bias and the medicalization of human distress. Recent editions of the DSM have received praise for standardizing psychiatric diagnosis grounded in empirical evidence, as opposed to the theory-bound nosology (the branch of medical science that deals with the classification of diseases) used in DSM-III. Revisions since its first publication in 1952 have incrementally added to the total number of mental disorders, while removing those no longer considered to be mental disorders. The DSM evolved from systems for collecting census and psychiatric hospital statistics, as well as from a United States Army manual. ![]() Health-care researchers use the DSM to categorize patients for research purposes. Hospitals, clinics, and insurance companies in the United States may require a DSM diagnosis for all patients with mental disorders. Some mental health professionals use the manual to determine and help communicate a patient's diagnosis after an evaluation. It is used by researchers, psychiatric drug regulation agencies, health insurance companies, pharmaceutical companies, the legal system, and policymakers. However, not all providers rely on the DSM-5 as a guide, since the ICD's mental disorder diagnoses are used around the world and scientific studies often measure changes in symptom scale scores rather than changes in DSM-5 criteria to determine the real-world effects of mental health interventions. The DSM-5 is considered one of the principal guides of psychiatry, along with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD), and the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual. It is the main book for the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders in the United States and Australia, while in other countries it may be used in conjunction with other documents. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM latest edition: DSM-5-TR, published in March 2022 ) is a publication by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for the classification of mental disorders using a common language and standard criteria. ![]()
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